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Chronic Cough

A 63-year-old woman presents with a 1-year history of a chronic dry cough, associated with a sensation of “irritation” in the throat. Prolonged bouts of coughing are associated with stress urinary incontinence and occasionally end with retching and vomiting. The cough is triggered by changes in temperature, strong smells (e.g., the smell of cleaning products), laughing, and prolonged talking. She has no notable medical history, reports being otherwise well, and does not smoke. She has been prescribed a bronchodilator and inhaled and nasal glucocorticoids, but has had no benefit from any of these. The results of a physical examination, chest radiography, and spirometry are normal. How would you further evaluate and manage this condition?

Citado: Smith JA, Woodcock A. Chronic Cough. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2016 [citado 7 Nov 2017];375(16).

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Isosorbide Mononitrate in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract: Nitrates are commonly prescribed to enhance activity tolerance in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. We compared the effect of isosorbide mononitrate or placebo on daily activity in such patients. METHODS: In this multicenter, double-blind, crossover study, 110 patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction were randomly assigned to a 6-week dose-escalation regimen of isosorbide mononitrate (from 30 mg to 60 mg to 120 mg once daily) or placebo, with subsequent crossover to the other group for 6 weeks. The primary end point was the daily activity level, quantified as the average daily accelerometer units during the 120-mg phase, as assessed by patient-worn accelerometers. Secondary end points included hours of activity per day during the 120-mg phase, daily accelerometer units during all three dose regimens, quality-of-life scores, 6-minute walk distance, and levels of N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Leer más…

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Treatment of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, a scourge since prehistoric times, affects more than 9 million people and causes the death of 1.5 million people each year. Effective treatment has been available for 60 years, but such treatment takes at least 6 months, and resistance to the drugs, which is increasing throughout the world, threatens the effectiveness of treatment. This review summarizes the theoretical principles of tuberculosis treatment, current therapeutic approaches, areas of uncertainty, and persistent challenges.

Citado: Horsburgh CR Jr, Barry CE 3rd, Lange C. Treatment of Tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22)

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A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control

Abstract: The most appropriate targets for systolic blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among persons without diabetes remain uncertain.We randomly assigned 9361 persons with a systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or higher and an increased cardiovascular risk, but without diabetes, to a systolic blood-pressure target of less than 120 mm Hg (intensive treatment) or a target of less than 140 mm Hg (standard treatment). The primary composite outcome was myocardial infarction, other acute coronary syndromes, stroke, heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes. Leer más…

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Redefining Blood-Pressure Targets — SPRINT Starts the Marathon

Blood pressure is a potent determinant of cardiovascular risk, but the most appropriate targets for blood-pressure lowering have long been debated. Observational studies with a low risk of confounding have shown a linear relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk down to 115/75 mm Hg, but some observational studies with a greater potential for confounding, involving persons at increased risk, have suggested a J-shaped curve — that is, below a given blood pressure, risk would increase. When trials of blood-pressure–lowering drugs have shown benefits in patients without hypertension, these effects have often been ascribed to alternative mechanisms. The widespread uncertainty about blood-pressure targets was increased when the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial showed no significant overall difference in cardiovascular events between patients with type 2 diabetes assigned to a systolic blood-pressure target of less than 120 mm Hg and those assigned to a target of less than 140 mm Hg.

Citado: Perkovic V, Rodgers A. Redefining Blood-Pressure Targets–SPRINT Starts the Marathon. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2015 [citado 7 Nov 2017];373(22).

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Palliative Care for the Seriously Ill

Abstract: Palliative care is the interdisciplinary specialty focused on improving quality of life for persons with serious illness and their families. Over the past decade, the field has undergone substantial growth and change, including an expanded evidence base, new care-delivery models, innovative payment mechanisms, and increasing public and professional awareness.

Citado: Kelley AS, Morrison RS. Palliative Care for the Seriously Ill. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 20;373(8).

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Fiebre Chikungunya

Resumen: La fiebre Chikungunya es una enfermedad emergente que se ha extendido explosivamente desde el África a las islas del Océano Índico, la India, el sudeste asiático, Europa y ya, más recientemente, a las Américas, a donde arribó a través de las islas del Caribe en las que está causando una epidemia de gran magnitud. Se hizo una revisión del tema en cuanto a causa, características clínicas y diagnóstico. Se corroboró que no existe hasta el momento una terapéutica específica eficaz ni vacuna disponible, por tanto, la prevención de la infección a través del control vectorial y la prevención de la picadura por el mosquito transmisor son las mejores medidas de contención de sus efectos. Se sugiere estar preparados para la llegada de dicha enfermedad al país y ante su presencia, intentar detectar tempranamente al portador del virus para prevenir la transmisión porque realmente no hay tratamiento específico.

Citado: Martínez Fernández L, Torrado Navarro YP. Fiebre Chikungunya. Rev Cubana Med [Internet]. 2015 [citado 7 Nov 2017];54(1).

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