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Assessing the Gold Standard — Lessons from the History of RCTs

Over the past 70 years, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have reshaped medical knowledge and practice. Popularized by mid-20th-century clinical researchers and statisticians aiming to reduce bias and enhance the accuracy of clinical experimentation, RCTs have often functioned well in that role. Yet the past seven decades also bear witness to many limitations of this new “gold standard.” The scientific and political history of RCTs offers lessons regarding the complexity of medicine and disease and the economic and political forces that shape the production and circulation of medical knowledge.

Citado: Bothwell LE, Greene JA, Podolsky SH, Jones DS. Assessing the Gold Standard– Lessons from the History of RCTs. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2016 [citado 7 Nov 2017];374(22).

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Protagonismo del médico clínico en el diagnóstico

¿Qué es lo que los médicos ofrecen (y ofrecerán en el futuro) que no puede ser brindado por otros profesionales de la salud? Esa interrogante la lanzaba un comentario editorial del British Medical Journal a lo que, también respondía: “Diagnóstico, diagnóstico, diagnóstico”. Un enfermero pudiera trasplantar un corazón un día, un técnico anestesiar a un paciente y un farmacéutico controlar un tratamiento medicamentoso complejo. Pero siempre se necesitarán médicos para que hagan diagnósticos.
Por otra parte, para actividades de gran importancia en nuestro sector, como las de promoción de salud, prevención y rehabilitación, tampoco los médicos siempre tienen el papel protagónico y, en ocasiones, no son imprescindibles. Leer más…

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Quantification of the type 2 diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95,750 women

Abstract: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but individualised risk estimates are unknown. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes for women with GDM. Methods: We systematically searched the major electronic databases with no language restrictions. Two reviewers independently extracted 2 × 2 tables for dichotomous data and the means plus SEs for continuous data. Risk ratios were calculated and pooled using a random effects model.
Results: There were 39 relevant studies (including 95,750 women) BMI (RR 1.95 [95% CI 1.60, 2.31]), family history of diabetes (RR 1.70 [95% CI 1.47, 1.97]), non-white ethnicity (RR 1.49 [95% CI 1.14, 1.94]) and advanced maternal age (RR 1.20 [95% CI 1.09, 1.34]) were associated with future risk of type 2 diabetes. Leer más…

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Los epónimos médicos y la reumatología

Resumen: Las descripciones originales de las enfermedades que realizan los médicos, cuyo epónimo usamos a diario, no dejan de ser magníficas observaciones clínicas hechas a través del tiempo por destacadas personalidades incluidas en la historia de la medicina. Se abordan los epónimos médicos en el campo de la Reumatología. En publicaciones de los últimos años, existen contradicciones entre los que están a favor o en contra de los epónimos médicos. Estar al lado de los que pretenden mantenerlos o no invita a reflexiones en el presente artículo. Motivar a la búsqueda de otros cientos, enriquecería el conocimiento, tanto de estudiantes, como de profesionales. Honor a quienes honor merecen.

Citado: Serra Valdés MÁ. Los epónimos médicos y la reumatología. Revista Cubana de Reumatología [Internet]. 2016 [citado 7 Nov 2017];18(1).

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Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses

Abstract: Objective To assess the effect of antihypertensive treatment on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in people with diabetes mellitus, at different blood pressure levels. Design Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Data sources CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, and BIOSIS were searched using highly sensitive search strategies. When data required according to the protocol were missing but trials were potentially eligible, we contacted researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and authorities.
Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials including 100 or more people with diabetes mellitus, treated for 12 months or more, comparing any antihypertensive agent against placebo, two agents against one, or different blood pressure targets. Leer más…

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Ischemic Limb Gangrene with Pulses

Warkentin (Aug. 13 issue) highlights the misconception that all cases of ischemic limb gangrene are associated with the loss of an arterial pulse and presents the two syndromes associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation in which ischemic limb gangrene can occur with a pulse. However, in so doing, he may have created another misconception — the idea that ischemic limb gangrene with pulses is related to syndromes associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is important to recognize that ischemic limb gangrene with pulses can occur without associated disseminated intravascular coagulation, as it does in calcific uremic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis) and cholesterol embolization (atheroembolism). Leer más…

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Resumen: El programa vigente de la especialidad Medicina Interna todavía no cuenta con una definición de las competencias de la especialidad. Objetivo: Proponer las competencias profesionales para el perfil del egresado en la especialidad de Medicina Interna en Cuba. Material y Métodos: se trabajó en grupos nominales y seminarios-talleres, dirigidos a definir y normalizar las competencias a evaluar según norma la Comisión Nacional de competencia y desempeño del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Leer más…

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Isosorbide Mononitrate in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract: Nitrates are commonly prescribed to enhance activity tolerance in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. We compared the effect of isosorbide mononitrate or placebo on daily activity in such patients. METHODS: In this multicenter, double-blind, crossover study, 110 patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction were randomly assigned to a 6-week dose-escalation regimen of isosorbide mononitrate (from 30 mg to 60 mg to 120 mg once daily) or placebo, with subsequent crossover to the other group for 6 weeks. The primary end point was the daily activity level, quantified as the average daily accelerometer units during the 120-mg phase, as assessed by patient-worn accelerometers. Secondary end points included hours of activity per day during the 120-mg phase, daily accelerometer units during all three dose regimens, quality-of-life scores, 6-minute walk distance, and levels of N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Leer más…

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Treatment of Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, a scourge since prehistoric times, affects more than 9 million people and causes the death of 1.5 million people each year. Effective treatment has been available for 60 years, but such treatment takes at least 6 months, and resistance to the drugs, which is increasing throughout the world, threatens the effectiveness of treatment. This review summarizes the theoretical principles of tuberculosis treatment, current therapeutic approaches, areas of uncertainty, and persistent challenges.

Citado: Horsburgh CR Jr, Barry CE 3rd, Lange C. Treatment of Tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22)

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A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control

Abstract: The most appropriate targets for systolic blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among persons without diabetes remain uncertain.We randomly assigned 9361 persons with a systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or higher and an increased cardiovascular risk, but without diabetes, to a systolic blood-pressure target of less than 120 mm Hg (intensive treatment) or a target of less than 140 mm Hg (standard treatment). The primary composite outcome was myocardial infarction, other acute coronary syndromes, stroke, heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes. Leer más…

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