Jung, J. A. et als.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: August 2019 – Volume 144 – Issue 2 – p 347-356
Hyperpigmentation following ultraviolet irradiation has cosmetic concerns. Botulinum toxin type A can favorably affect skin pigmentation. However, the mechanism of skin pigmentation is unclear.
Recent clinical reports have suggested favorable effects of botulinum toxin type A on skin pigmentation. In one study, three patients treated with repeated botulinum toxin type A injection developed porcelain discoloration of the periocular skin.
Techniques for the administration of injectable fillers and neuromodulators for facial aesthetic rejuvenation and enhancement continue to evolve. As the number of physicians with limited experience in providing aesthetic treatments expands, the need for guidance and training from more experienced injectors has become apparent. The use of a slow, careful, and methodical injection technique is imperative in all treatment settings and for all facial areas. Constant attention to local anatomy, particularly arteries, veins, and nerve bundles, is critical for minimizing complications. This first article of a three-part series addresses techniques and recommendations for aesthetic treatment of the upper face.
Pain in the early post-operative period following subpectoral placement of tissue expanders and implants is commonly reported. The current standard of care for pain control involves the use of oral narcotics. This study, determinated the efficacy of Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections for pain relief following placement of subpectoral tissue expanders and breast implants.
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